Page 57 - Aquauclature Research and Studies (01)

AQUAUCLATURE
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Research and Studies 1 (1): 15-01, 2026 page of 193

but lower lactose production was observed (Chai et al., 2018; Velo et al.,
2015). Conversely, in the work of Morales-Sánchez et al. (2013), Fructose
also promoted growth more than glucose, as other species showed the oppo-
site response, especially Neochloris sp., which preferred glucose and had zero
fructose consumption over a 5-day period. This may be due to the fact that
each organism has a unique nutritional affinity, leading to species-specific
growth kinetics. However, in further research, they recommended the use of
alternative substrates instead of fructose to reduce production costs for mass
cultivation.
The results regarding the use of carbon sources were similar in some
components, such as protein and lipids, to those of Velu et al. (2015). They
differed in some results, including carbohydrates, in a study using the same
carbon sources at different incorporation rates, such as algae species (Nanno-
chloropsis salina, Dunaliella tertiolecta, and Tetraselmis suecica). Further-
more, the results of using chicken manure (Ongsithapand et al., 2009) when
used with sodium bicarbonate and urea in spirulina production differed. The
results were similar to those of Xiao et al. (2013) and Xiao-Nian et al. (2016),
due to the different media types.
The total lipids extracted from the different media were found to accumulate
significant amounts of saturated fatty acids (RL, PM, C, and A), respectively.
These were higher than those obtained by Xiao et al. (2013). The majority of
the fatty acids belonging to N.oceanica were unsaturated fatty acids.
Also, the main components of saturated fatty acids in the studied N. oce-
anica were myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), and stearic acid
(C18:0). Xiao et al. (2013) and Xiao-Nian et al. (2016) reported that palmitic
acid was the main component of crude lipids in N. oceanica. Accordingly,
Bakhtiarvandi et al. (2014) stated that saturated fatty acids are used as energy
substrates. These results were also consistent with those of Elkassas et al.
(2016) for Chlorella sp. They reported that after oil extraction, there was no
significant loss of other algal metabolites, and saturated lipids were the main
components of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), implying that palmitic and
stearic acids were dominant. Meanwhile, the amino acid contents of experi-
mental marine Chlorella species contained lysine, methionine, and histidine,